Pneumococcal Infections

Pneumococcal infections are bacterial diseases caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). They are transmitted through droplets when coughing, sneezing, or through close contact with an infected person. Pneumococci commonly colonize the upper respiratory tract, and some people may be asymptomatic carriers.

These diseases occur worldwide and affect all age groups. Young children, older adults, smokers, and people with chronic heart and lung conditions or weakened immune systems are most at risk. Incidence tends to be higher during the winter months and the respiratory season, but these illnesses can occur year-round.

Pneumococci can cause a wide range of illnesses—from middle ear infections and sinusitis to serious infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. Typical symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, or altered consciousness in severe cases. Invasive pneumococcal diseases can take a severe course, particularly in older adults and high-risk patients, and may lead to hospitalization or death.

Treatment consists primarily of antibiotics; in severe cases, intensive hospital care may be necessary. Vaccination is the most effective form of prevention. Vaccination against pneumococcal infections is recommended especially for children, seniors, and people at increased risk of severe disease.